Effect of Heavy Metals on Morphological Growth of Pisum sativum

Abstract

A significant environmental problem that has an impact on agricultural output globally is heavy metal contamination. The impacts of heavy metals like cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), and chromium (Cr) on the morphological growth of Pisum sativum L. (pea plant) are reviewed and summarized in this paper. Heavy metal stress has a major impact on morphological characteristics such as seed germination, root and shoot length, biomass accumulation, leaf development, and yield qualities. Research indicates that heavy metals interfere with physiological and biochemical processes, leading to oxidative stress, altered cellular structure, and stunted plant growth. Plant tolerance mechanisms, exposure duration, metal type, and concentration all affect how severe the effects are. The present understanding, toxicity mechanisms, and implications for sustainable agriculture are highlighted in this research.