Effect of Pharmaceutical Residues on Aquatic Ecosystems

Abstract

Pharmaceutical residues have emerged as persistent organic micropollutants in aquatic ecosystems worldwide. These residues originate primarily from domestic sewage, hospital discharges, pharmaceutical manufacturing, and agricultural activities. Due to their chemical stability, bioactivity, and low biodegradability, pharmaceuticals persist in the environment, accumulating in sediments and biota. Their presence at even trace concentrations can lead to hormonal disruptions, behavioral alterations, and toxicity in aquatic organisms. This review highlights the pathways, persistence, ecotoxicological effects, and mitigation strategies of pharmaceutical residues in aquatic ecosystems. The findings emphasize the urgent need for sustainable management strategies and innovative wastewater treatment technologies to protect aquatic biodiversity and ecosystem health.